1.1拉力试验机需求分析
根据实际调研分析，现给出本拉力试验机关键的功能指标:
1）可对金属、非金属、复合材料等进行试验，最大承受拉力达50KN.
2) 具备手动试验、自动试验功能，其中自动试验可以实现对材料的拉伸和耐受测试。
3〉能够实时显示力值、位移信息，并能够绘制力-时间、力-位移曲线。
4) 具有过载保护、位移限位功能。
5) 具有保存试验结果，浏览历史试验记录功能。
1.2拉力试验机控制系统结构
拉力试验机控制系统包括计算机、PLC、伺服系统、拉伸机构和称重传感器等，其结构可如图1所示。其中，计算机是该控制系统的核心，完成人机交互、试验控制、实时监控以及试验总结功能:PLC用于输出脉冲，驱动伺服系统，采集称重传感器信号以及捕捉表征材料形变量的AB相脉冲:伺服系统是拉力试验机的动力系统;拉伸机构用于试件夹持和张拉，是拉力试验机的主体结构吧。称重传感器是拉力试验机控制系统的反馈部件，用于将材料承受的拉力转换为电信号，该电信号经PLCAD模块转换为数字量后传递给计算机控制软件。
拉力试验机控制系统是一个闭环控制，其工作原理如下:
1) 计算机结合用户设定的试验目标和PLC上传的反馈量，控制试验进行，输出控制量。
2) PLC接受计算机给出的控制量，进行脉冲输出驱动伺服系统运转，伺服系统通过拉伸机构对试件进行试验。
3）称重传感器将试件承受力转换为电信号、伺服系统将材料形变量转换为AB相脉冲量。
4) PLC接受AB相脉冲和称重传感器信号并进行处理后，上传计算机，供其进行反馈控制。
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1.1 Demand analysis of tensile testing machine
According to the actual investigation and analysis, the key functional indicators of the tensile testing machine are given:
1) It can test metal, non-metal and composite materials, with the maximum tensile force of 50KN.
2) With manual test, automatic test function, automatic test can realize the material tensile and tolerance test.
3 > Can display force value, displacement information in real time, and can draw force-time, force-displacement curve.
4) With overload protection, displacement limit function.
5) It has the function of saving test results and browsing historical test records.
1.2 tension testing machine control system structure
Tensile testing machine control system includes computer, PLC, servo system, tensile mechanism and weighing sensor, its structure can be shown in Figure 1. Among them, the computer is the core of the control system, complete human-computer interaction, test control, real-time monitoring and test summary function :PLC for output pulse, drive servo system, collect weighing sensor signal and capture the AB phase pulse characterization of material variables: servo system is the power system of tensile testing machine; Tensile mechanism for specimen clamping and tension, is the main structure of the tensile testing machine. Weighing sensor is the feedback part of the control system of tensile testing machine, which is used to convert the tensile force borne by the material into electrical signal, which is converted into digital quantity by PLCAD module and then transmitted to the computer control software.
Tension testing machine control system is a closed-loop control, its working principle is as follows:
1) The computer combines the test target set by the user and the feedback amount uploaded by PLC to control the test and output the control amount.
2) PLC accepts the control quantity given by the computer to drive the servo system to run by pulse output, and the servo system tests the specimens through tensile mechanism.
3) The load bearing force of the specimen is converted into electrical signal by the weighing sensor, and the material shape variable is converted into AB phase pulse quantity by the servo system.
4) PLC receives AB phase pulse and signal of weighing sensor and processes it, then uploads it to computer for feedback control.
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